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Policy

Movements such as Ban the Box are helping ex-convicts find jobs upon their release from prison. (Photo: AP)

Movements such as Ban the Box are helping ex-convicts find jobs upon their release from prison. (Photo: AP)

I thought it was a remarkable development last year when a columnist from the New York Times reported that supposedly pro-feminist policies actually backfire against women.

Maybe this would help readers recognize that there are adverse unintended consequences of government intervention. Bastiat would be very happy!

Now we have a new example from the academic world. Two economists, one from the University of Virginia and the other from the University of Oregon, conducted a study of “ban the box” laws that restrict employers from figuring out whether job applicants have criminal records.

The purpose of these laws almost surely is noble. Everyone presumably would like to help ex-convicts mainstream back into society. Especially since many of them are minorities who may already face discrimination and other challenges (and maybe they were thrown in jail for silly reasons, such as draconian drug laws).

So it sounds very compassionate to impose these laws, right? Who could object to helping ex-cons get in the door for interviews, at which point they can hopefully show potential employers that they have value.

Well, the study shows that these laws hurt more than they help. Here are some passages from the abstract.

Jurisdictions across the United States have adopted “ban the box” (BTB) policies preventing employers from conducting criminal background checks until late in the job application process. Their goal is to improve employment outcomes for those with criminal records, with a secondary goal of reducing racial disparities in employment. However, removing information about job applicants’ criminal histories could lead employers who don’t want to hire ex-offenders to try to guess who the ex-offenders are, and avoid interviewing them. In particular, employers might avoid interviewing young, low-skilled, black and Hispanic men when criminal records are not observable. This would worsen employment outcomes for these already-disadvantaged groups. In this paper, we use variation in the details and timing of state and local BTB policies to test BTB’s effects on employment for various demographic groups. We find that BTB policies decrease the probability of being employed by 3.4 percentage points (5.1%) for young, low-skilled black men, and by 2.3 percentage points (2.9%) for young, low-skilled Hispanic men. These findings support the hypothesis that when an applicant’s criminal history is unavailable, employers statistically discriminate against demographic groups that are likely to have a criminal record.

The most relevant bit of info from the abstract is that these laws reduce employment for young black men and young Hispanic men with low skill levels (and don’t forget these are groups that already are disadvantaged thanks to minimum wage laws).

And if you dig into the study, you can learn more about what’s really happening.

Figure 2 shows a local linear graph of the residuals from equation 1, for young, low-skilled black men. Time is recentered so that 0 is the effective date of a jurisdiction’s BTB policy. …Based on the pre-BTB period, the identifying assumption that BTB and non-BTB jurisdictions would evolve similarly in the absence of BTB…looks reasonable: the two lines follow each other closely before the date-zero threshold. After that date, however, the lines quickly diverge, with employment outcomes worsening in BTB-adopting places and improving slightly elsewhere. …it appears that BTB dramatically hurt employment outcomes for this group.

And here’s the accompany chart from the study.

Here’s another section that I found fascinating.

The laws restricting criminal background checks lead to more discrimination all across the nation, but the least amount of additional discrimination against African-Americans is in the south.

Given differences in racial composition and labor markets across the country, we might expect BTB to have different effects in different places. …young, low-skilled white men are not affected by BTB anywhere. However, the employment probabilities of their black peers are significantly reduced in three regions: the Northeast (7.4%), the Midwest (7.5%), and the West (8.8%). The negative effect on black men is much smaller (2.3%) and not statistically significant in the South… These results suggest that the larger the black or Hispanic population, the less likely employers are to use race/ethnicity as a proxy for criminality.

For what it’s worth, I also wonder if the South, on a person-to-person basis, actually is less racist.

Here’s another interesting – albeit discouraging – bit of information from the study. When the economy is weak, these laws are even more damaging for minorities.

…at all unemployment rates the effect of BTB on white men is near-zero and statistically insignificant. …the effect on black men…is more negative when unemployment is high, but now the estimated total effects are relatively large and negative even at low unemployment. The negative total effect becomes statistically significant at 7% or 8% unemployment, and at 9% unemployment the total effect of BTB on black men is over 3.6 percentage points and statistically significant.

The most logical interpretation of these results it that there’s more discrimination when employers have a buyer’s market, meaning lots of potential job applicants for each position.

Here’s the most depressing bit of data from the study. The effects of these laws last a long time.

BTB’s effect on black men is large and grows over time. BTB reduces employment for black men by 2.7 percentage points (not statistically significant) during the first year, 5.1 percentage points (p < 0.01) during the second year, 4.1 percentage points (p < 0.10) during the third year, 8.4 percentage points (p < 0.01) during the fourth year, and an average of 7.7 percentage points (p < 0.05) during the fifth and later years. This suggests that BTB has a permanent effect on employment for black men.

And here’s the man-bites-dog conclusion. Blacks and other minorities are hurt by the laws, so guess which group benefits?

BTB has a positive effect on white men with no high school diploma. On average, white men in this group are 3.9 percentage points (5.6%) more likely to be employed after BTB than before.

That may be the perfect (in a bad way) example of government in action: Good intentions leading to bad results. Just like the War on Drugs. And the War on Poverty. And licensing laws. And antitrust laws. And…oh, never mind. You get the idea.

No wonder this is my favorite poster.

Two economists conducted research on “ban the

Politics

FBI Director James Comey, left, speaks during a press conference on July 5, 2016, while Hillary Clinton, right, followed by aide Huma Abedin, to her right, at Andrews Air Force Base on July 5, 2016. (Photos: AP)

FBI Director James Comey, left, speaks during a press conference on July 5, 2016, while Hillary Clinton, right, followed by aide Huma Abedin, to her right, at Andrews Air Force Base on July 5, 2016. (Photos: AP)

Hillary Clinton said Friday she didn’t lie about sending classified emails, she “short circuited” and then proceeded to lie about sending classified information on a personal server, again.

In her first press conference in almost a year, Mrs. Clinton said she and Fox News Sunday anchor Chris Wallace were “talking around each other” and she misunderstood his question. The Democratic nominee claimed during the interview that FBI Director James Comey confirmed she was being truthful to the American people, which he did not. In fact, he said the exact opposite, though he told lawmakers during testimony in front of the House Oversight Committee that she didn’t lie to the FBI during what was a three-hour interview.

Essentially, Director Comey said she lied to the public, but not to the Bureau. Mrs. Clinton’s explanation was that she thought Mr. Wallace was talking about her answers to the FBI during the private interview, which was not transcribed and thus far has been kept private. However, she went on to again repeat the lie that she did not send or receive classified information on her private email server, which was extraordinary.

Worth noting, Ed O’Keefe of The Washington Post, gave her an underhanded criticism over how few times she holds a press conference. But, again, this is why her campaign doesn’t like her to be very accessible to the media.

Hillary Clinton said Friday she didn't lie

Politics

Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump on the campaign trail.

Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump on the campaign trail.

Will Estrada, the chairman of the Loudoun County Republican Committee, responded to the media reports claiming Donald Trump “lashed out” at a mother with a baby at a rally Monday night.

“My conclusion is that the media is selling us a narrative,” he said in a statement on social media. “Be very skeptical of what the media is telling you, because I saw it with my own eyes and it was something very different.”

The statement comes after the media, including but not limited to leftwing outlets like Mother Jones, said he lashed out at the mother for the baby in the audience interrupting him. “Donald Trump doesn’t humor any interruptions during his speeches—even if those outbursts are coming from an infant,” Patrick Caldwell wrote. The mainstream media took the story and ran with it, though witnesses in the audience backed up Mr. Estrada’s version of events that night, which included a veteran attempting to give Mr. Trump his purple heart.

Contrary to news stories, it was a very funny thing, Trump was very supportive of the mom calling her and her baby “beautiful” and “wonderful”, and then when the baby kept crying he turned it into a joke. Everyone was laughing and it was actually very endearing and funny. Not at all anti mom or anti baby like the media has portrayed it to be.

Which brings me to the final point: I was there and saw and heard the entire event with the mom and baby. There was nothing to it. But then after I’m reading all the news coverage saying “Trump hates moms and babies!!!” I started to doubt myself. Did I really miss a huge story right in front of me? I started asking others who were there, including a husband and wife with young kids. And everyone in the room said the same thing: there was no story here. Trump was being funny and personable and going out of his way to make sure the mom wasn’t embarrased by making it a funny situation [sic].

Chairman Estrada also told an account of strategizing on how the Republican nominee can win Loudoun County, which was once a Republican stronghold that is trending Democratic. Meanwhile, Mr. Trump told the veteran he could not take the purple heart. The whole statement is below.

Will Estrada, the chairman of the Loudoun

World

ISIS executes spies video

Photo: The Clarion Project

A new report by the United Nations claims up to 3,000 Iraqi villagers were captured and 12 executed fleeing areas near Kirkuk by Islamic State militants on Thursday. The report comes on the heels of a statement from the Iraqi Observatory for Human Rights that said roughly 1,900 civilians had been captured by an estimated 100-120 Islamic militants.

Tens of civilians had been executed, and six burnt alive.

“UNHCR has received reports that ISIL captured on 4 August up to 3,000 IDPs (internally displaced people) from villages in Hawiga District in Kirkuk Governorate trying to flee to Kirkuk city. Reportedly, 12 of the IDPs have been killed in captivity,” the UNHCR report said.

The capture of the civilians comes two years after the August 2014 ISIS assault on the city of Sinjar, and the capture of over 3,000 Yazidi women and children, who have been pressed into sexual slavery or forced to fight as child soldiers. Overall, the fighting has displaced 3.4 million people in Iraq by July 2016.  Earlier this year, the State Department designated ISIS’ actions as genocide and the United States is leading a military coalition conducting air strikes against Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, where the group seized broad swathes of territory in 2014.

However, it still controls its de facto capitals of Mosul in Iraq and Raqqa in Syria. Last month the U.N. appealed for $284 million to prepare aid for an assault on Mosul, as well as up to $1.8 billion to deal with the aftermath, though the U.N. Financial Tracking Service said no funds have been allocated. UNHCR has began construction at a site northeast of Mosul for 6,000 people and is preparing another northwest of the city for 15,000 for those in need of shelter.

“Although local authorities have suggested that returns to Falluja could begin in September, the Ministry of Migration and Displacement has stated that it may take another three months before conditions are conducive for large scale returns,” UNHCR said in a statement.

U.S.-backed Syrian rebels have been promised more weapons and air support by the government in Moscow, something U.S. President Barack Obama expressed skepticism over.

“I’m not confident that we can trust the Russians or Vladimir Putin,” Mr. Obama said, “which is why we have to test whether or not we can get an actual cessation of hostilities. That includes an end to the kinds of aerial bombing and civilian death and destruction that we’ve seen carried out by the Assad regime.”

Meanwhile, in Syria, the U.N. has been trying to secure a ceasefire on humanitarian grounds around the city of Aleppo, which has seen fierce fighting between anti-Assad rebels and government forces backed by Russian airpower and Iran, in order to allow some of the 250,000 trapped civilians to flee.

A new report by the United Nations

Economy

trade-cargo-reuters

A Ferrari cargo crane moves shipping containing on a U.S. trade port. (Photo: Reuters)

The Commerce Department said on Friday June Trade Deficit widened to $44.5 billion, a 10-month high fueled by weak exports and domestic demand. Economists were looking for the deficit to widen to $43.1 billion, while May’s deficit was revised lower to $40.96 billion.

The 8.7% increase is the largest single month gain since August 2015 and June was the third straight month of measured increases in the U.S. trade deficit. When adjusted for inflation, the deficit rose to $64.7 billion from $60.9 billion in May.

The government report on second-quarter gross domestic product released last week claimed trade had contributed two-tenths of a percentage point to the 1.2% annualized growth rate, which will now be revised. While exports of goods and services gained 0.3% in June, imports of goods and services increased 1.9% to $227.7 billion in June.

The U.S. trade deficit China was again fueled by imports far exceeding exports, making the trade deficit 2.5% larger to $29.8 billion in June, the biggest gap since last November. Exports to the European Union shot up by 7.8%, with imports skyrocketing 18.2%.

The Commerce Department said on Friday June

Economy

jobs-search-station-reuters

Job Search Station (Photo: Reuters)

The Labor Department reported Friday the U.S. economy added 255,000 jobs in July, beating the median forecast for 180,000. The unemployment remained at 4.9%. The rate was expected to tick lower to 4.8%.

Meanwhile, the labor force participation rate, at 62.8%, and the employment-population ratio, at 59.7%, were unchanged in July.

In July, the Bureau of Labor Statistics said 2.0 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, which has not improved from a year earlier. These are Americans who were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but are not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.

The number of long-term unemployed–those jobless for 27 weeks or more–was about unchanged at 2 million over the month and represented 26.6% of the unemployed. Wages also continued to struggle, though there were marginal increases.

In July, average hourly earnings for all employees on private non-farm payrolls increased by just 8 cents to $25.69. Over the year, average hourly earnings have risen by 2.6%. Average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees increased by just 7 cents to $21.59 in July.

One of the major reasons wages have been stagnant is the quality of jobs being created. Employment in mining continued to trend down over the month (-6,000) and the industry has fallen by 220,000 since September 2014, or 26%. Employment in other higher-paying major industries, to include construction, manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, and information, showed no change over the month.

However, employment in leisure and hospitality added 45,000, while food services and drinking places added 21,000. This industry has added an average of 18,000 jobs per month thus far this year, compared with an average monthly gain of 30,000 in 2015. The service sector has led the way on job creation, including health care employment (+43,000),  ambulatory health care services (+19,000), hospitals (+17,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+7,000).

Over the past 12 months, health care has added 477,000 jobs.

The Labor Department reported Friday that the

Opinion

The discerning have long recognized that the true enemies of free speech are certain leftist progressives who believe their ideas are so superior and their opponents so toxic that protection for the latter isn’t warranted.

The left is practiced at painting conservatives as oppressive and intolerant, but their behavior repeatedly undermines their claims and exposes them as the intolerant speech fascists and thought controllers.

You won’t see conservatives advocating the muzzling of political opponents or promoting the Fairness Doctrine and campus speech codes. You won’t see Republican administrations excluding reporters or news organizations from press briefings because they don’t parrot the White House’s narrative. You won’t often encounter liberals concealing their opinions on campuses or Hollywood or their places of employment for fear of backlash. You won’t see conservatives ever trying to send kooky leftists to sensitivity training to compel them — “1984”-style — to conform to their worldview. You won’t see conservative professors (excuse the contradiction) overtly indoctrinating students and creating a climate of ridicule toward liberal students. You’ll rarely see a college administration reprimanding a liberal professor (excuse the tautology) for exposing his class to an opposing viewpoint — one certain students find unbearably “offensive.” You won’t see conservatives creating “safe spaces” to protect their delicate adherents from feeling uncomfortable through exposure to “troubling” or “triggering” ideas. You won’t see the right using defamatory catchwords like racist, sexist, homophobe or xenophobe to demonize, ostracize and muzzle leftist expression.

And you won’t find conservative groups pressuring universities to ban liberal speakers from their campuses. Which brings me to the primary subject at hand.

My good friend, Ben Shapiro, a one-time child prodigy who has now become a polemical force of nature as an adult, has recently experienced the ubiquitous leftist fascism inhabiting college campuses. Ben, at age 32, has not only written six best-selling books, but has a nationally syndicated column and a very successful radio show.

Despite all that, what initially propelled Ben into national prominence was his delicious television takedown of liberal snob Piers Morgan on Morgan’s former CNN show on the subject of gun control.

More recently, Shapiro has distinguished himself with powerful podcasts on current events and a campus speaking tour wherein he systematically demolishes the left’s tyrannical political correctness and assault on free speech.

Indeed, Shapiro has been so effective that campus liberals obviously regard him as a threat — a clear and present danger to their Stalinist mindset. They have protested his appearances, disrupted his speeches, threatened him and lied about his message.

But the latest predictable outrage is that DePaul University has banned Shapiro from appearing on campus, under the ludicrous and specious pretense of “security concerns.”

If there are security concerns, neither Shapiro nor his admirers are causing them. As Shapiro’s sponsor, Young America’s Foundation said, “Make no mistake, any security concerns we face on campuses are 100 percent incited by the censorious, intolerant left.”

This is what so many of our campuses have come to. They don’t promote, much less champion, freedom of inquiry. They are incubators of monolithic liberal ideas and actively discourage the airing of contrary opinions.

The left is incoherent on free speech. It purports to be a staunch advocate of speech while discriminatorily suppressing it. These leftists are not even embarrassed by their lame efforts to justify their imperiousness, as when one college administrator said, “We cannot tolerate the intolerable.”

What is intolerable is their totalitarianism.

But give them credit; their indoctrination is yielding fruit. The William F. Buckley, Jr. Program at Yale conducted a survey on the attitudes of university students toward the First Amendment, speech codes, academic freedom, political correctness and intellectual diversity. The results are deeply disturbing, though unsurprising:
— 49 percent of U.S. college students are “intimidated” by professors when sharing different beliefs.
— Half said they have often felt intimidated to share beliefs that differ from their classmates.
— 53 percent say their professors have often used class time to express their own views about matters outside of coursework.
— 63 percent say political correctness on college campuses is either a “big problem” or somewhat of a problem.
— 30 percent of liberal students say the First Amendment is outdated, compared with 10 percent of conservative students with that opinion.
— Two-thirds agree that their school is more tolerant of liberal ideas than conservative ones.
— 51 percent of students favor their school having speech codes to regulate speech for students and faculty.
— 72 percent say their university should be doing more to promote policies that increase diversity of opinions in the classroom or on campus.
— 52 percent say their university should forbid people from speaking on campus who have a history of engaging in “hate speech.”
— 72 percent say they support disciplinary action for “any student or faculty member on campus who uses language that is considered racist, sexist, homophobic or otherwise offensive.”
— 32 percent misidentified the First Amendment.

What this inconsistent mishmash tells me is that academia is succeeding in its efforts to program students to blindly accept liberal ideas and to be amenable to suppressing opposing ideas, while manipulating students into believing that they are champions of free expression. It is a dangerous and toxic combination. But that is the way the liberal mind works.

Shame on DePaul for betraying academic freedom. This is further proof not just that the left doesn’t practice the tolerance it preaches, but is mortified that its ideas could be exposed to the disinfecting light of truth.
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The discerning have long recognized that the

Polls

Donald Trump, right, speaks to the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.

Donald Trump, right, speaks to the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.

Armed with polling data, I’ve repeatedly argued against the idea that Republicans perform poorly among Hispanics due to immigration. Now, armed with more polling data, I’d like to expand on that argument to address the idea that Hispanic voters are “natural conservatives” and are more likely to vote Republican if the party “moderates” their position on immigration.

Unpacking the motives of Hispanic voters is far more complicated than talking heads would have us believe.

President George W. Bush, who is often incorrectly cited as winning 44% of the Hispanic vote (more like 40%), didn’t enjoy that support because he was open to open borders and expanding guest workers. The truth is that President Bush was a big government Republican and, at least on economic and government-run social programs, Hispanics are more liberal than Republicans want to admit.

And it’s even worse if we just look at party identification.

Only about one-fifth (22%) of Hispanics consider themselves Republican, while roughly a third (35%) say they are “strong” Democrats. Of the major ethnic voting blocs, Hispanics are among the most likely to consider themselves independent (44%). However, among these voters, Democrats have an edge (46% to 34%) when asked “do you think of yourself as more similar to Republicans than Democrats, more similar to Democrats than Republicans, or equally similar to Republicans and Democrats?”

On ideology, admittedly, the picture is more rosier for Republicans. But nevertheless Democrats have an edge, a substantial edge. Roughly 15% of Hispanics consider themselves “very liberal”; 30% consider themselves “moderately liberal”; and, 6% consider themselves “slightly liberal.” On the flip side, 13% consider themselves to be “extremely conservative”; 17% say “moderately conservative”; and, 4% consider themselves “slightly conservative.”

In total, the percentage of Hispanic voters who identify as “liberal” is 51%, or far above the national average, which is a little more than a fifth (22%), while those who identify as “conservative” is 34%, below the national average (38%).

Most Hispanic voters–as is the case with most other U.S. voting blocs–vote on the basis of class. The data support the theory most voters make a “rational policy choice” when they go to the ballot box and does not support the theory supporting looser immigration policy will make the party more attractive to Hispanic voters.

Indeed, the overall data indicate they would have more success with Hispanic voters if they framed immigration as an economic issue, focusing specifically on the impact on wages. PPD Polls aren’t the only surveys hinting at this, either. A Gallup poll found roughly 40% of U.S.-born Hispanics opposed President Obama’s unilateral action on DACA, a finding many at the time criticized.

Not convinced? Then why is Donald Trump, who most agree has been the most outspoken candidate against illegal immigration, polling ahead of Mitt Romney and John McCain among Hispanic voters?

In the People’s Pundit Daily U.S. Presidential Election Daily Tracking Poll, Mr. Trump’s 7-day average support among Hispanic voters has ranged from the high 20s to high 30s (7-day average), with the three-day average in July immediately after the convention hitting as high as 41%. Even on his lowest days, Mr. Trump has still enjoyed the support of more Hispanic voters than either of the two prior Republican nominees, one of whom was totally in favor of an amnesty-esque immigration reform bill.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the median household income for Hispanics in 2013 was $40,963, while the median household income for non-Hispanic whites was $58,270. Not surprisingly, Hispanic voters who have an annual income of $19,000 to $49,000 are more likely to support Mr. Trump than those making $50,000 or more.

Of course, there will always be those who are impacted by the media narrative and believe Republicans are anti-Hispanic immigrants. As is the case with any large-scale messaging movement, there are always successes. But on the whole, the outreach work the Republican Party has to do with the Hispanic community shouldn’t minimized with oversimplified explanations and even more simple one-size fits all policy proposals.

For one, it won’t work. But more importantly, it denigrates them as voters. If the Republican Party believes they have better solutions to the problems that plague Hispanic working men and women, then they should get to work reaching out to them with a convincing message to combat the opposing liberal ideology.

The above results are taken from a subset of 412 Hispanic voters interviewed from August 1 to August 3, 2016, during poll tracking for the People’s Pundit Daily U.S. Presidential Election Daily Tracking Poll.

[caption id="attachment_43471" align="aligncenter" width="740"] Donald Trump, right,

Business

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Business

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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.

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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum. Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like including versions.

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Entertatment from people that stay out seen progres with diferente oppinion.

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum. Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like including versions.

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